Skill = Speed x Accuracy x Form x Adaptability

The 4 Dimensions of Skill

In today’s fast-paced world, whether in industry or sports, the need to learn new skills quickly and efficiently is ever present. But what does it truly mean to be "skillful"? According to Johnson, skill is the ability to execute a specific pattern of behavior within a certain environment—like a tennis court or a gym. For those who want to explore more modern perspectives, SkillACQ specialist Kyle Bennett and I have written about this previously here where we argued that skill is any coordination pattern applied to a context that requires it, intricately linking skilled behaviour with environmental demands. You can explore this topic in our Performance vs Learning module in the Build Pathway.

Johson argues, in his legendary article Skill = Skill= speed× accuracy× form× adaptability article that truly understand how to master skills required to complete any task, we should look beyond just 'being good at a task' and instead observe whether tasks can be completed with Speed, Accuracy, Form, and Adaptability. To do this, he uses the Fable of the Woodchopper's ball. If you want to read the full story, check out Johnson's article. But for now, here is the summary:

The Fable of the Woodchoppers' Ball

There are two expert woodchoppers, a Swede and a Fin, both revered inhabitants of the great North woods, and each praised by their own for their outstanding woodchopping skills. However, to settle the score on who's really the best, they settle on a competition that involves:

1. A speed test: They first competed to see who could chop ten cords of wood the fastest. The result (yes you guessed right) was a draw.

2. An accuracy test: Next, they tested their precision by splitting matches and straws. Again, they were perfectly matched.

3. A form test: To test their "form" (efficiency), they held an endurance contest to see who would drop first. They both collapsed with a loud 'thud' at the exact same time.

4. An adaptability test: Finally, the judge forced them to chop different kinds of wood, on blocks of varying heights, using unfamiliar axes.

   
   

While the Fin struggled without his specific equipment, the Swede could chop any wood under any circumstance, with any axe given to him. He was crowned the winner.

Skill = speed x accuracy x form x adaptability

The Fable of the Woodchopper's Ball is more relevant now than ever. I have been studying skill and skilled performance for more than a decade, and at present I do not have a better way to describe or assess skill than Johnson did about seven decades ago. Therefore, the perspective Johnson shared is still relevant today. Skill should be viewed across four dimensions, and those who are more skilled, will perform better in more different dimensions than those who are less skilled.

• Speed: This is the most easily observed dimension, measured by the time it takes to complete an action. For example, fast can a handballer throw accurately at goal.

• Accuracy: This is precision, which can be checked against the specific goals of the sport. For example, how often does a player split the goalposts on a kick.

• Form: Good form is defined by achieving a minimum of effort expended for a functional and beneficial coordination pattern (i.e. the effort it takes to 'get the job done effectively). In sports, the person with the best form while maintaining function and providing positive outcomes is often the least susceptible to fatigue.

• Adaptability: This is the ultimate "tenth time" factor. It is demonstrated by your ability to deliver a functional and beneficial outcome under a range of conditions and circumstances.

  
  

Adaptability is the game changer

In sports, we have become empassioned with evaluating and training speed, accuracy and form. How many players do you know who shoot 60 corner threes in rapid succession, and consider the amount scored to evaluate how well they did? However, evaluating a skill without considering adaptability can lead to serious missed opportunities for skill development.

An athlete might be fast and accurate in a controlled practice environment. A relay runner might be amazing at passing the batton quickly and accurately. But can they also do it in the rain? Or when a hostile crowd is making it hard to hear what teammates are saying? True mastery means being able to adjust your form to different challenges and evolving requirements. Great athletes get the job done, quickly, accurately and efficiently, regardless of the circumstances.

What does this mean for how we train?

If your athletes struggle to reach a higher level of performance, Johnson proposed all these years ago to consider addressing these dimensions one at a time. He argues that generally, form should be established first, followed by accuracy, then speed. Finally, the coach should design environments in which athletes have to adapt these first three dimensions to different (or even better: dynamically varying) circumstances to ensure the skill is completely mastered.

This is just one of the ways SkillACQ is trying to teach coaches how to be more intentional about how they design practice. If you're also interested to know how you can be more intentional, check out our Build pathway, where you will courses addressing most of your burning questions using Skill Acquisition science and over a decade of experiential knowledge in grassroots and high performance sport.

References

Johnson, H. W. (1961). Skill= speed× accuracy× form× adaptability. Perceptual and motor skills, 13(2), 163-170.

Bennett, K. J., & Fransen, J. (2024). Distinguishing skill from technique in football. Science and medicine in football, 8(4), 397-400.